Does PLA stick to plastic?


Does PLA stick to plastic?

Using a hot glue gun PLA can be glued with hot-melt adhesive; the only thing we have to take into account is that from 60-70 ºC the plastic begins to soften, so we have to be careful not to melt the areas of the pieces that we are going to bond.

Can you 3D print onto plastic?

You can use a wide range of plastic types for 3D printing and some of the most common include: Polyvinyl Alcohol Plastic (PVA) Polylactic Acid (PLA) Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)

Which is stronger PLA or ABS or PETG?

ABS is considered a medium to high strength filament, as it will sooner bend than break and has a higher impact, heat, and chemical resistance than PLA. PETG is also considered a medium to high strength filament.2021-05-27

Why is ABS cheaper than PLA?

However, if you’re looking solely at the raw material cost, ABS is probably cheaper than PLA. That’s because ABS is so widely used in injection molding for making common, small parts, like interior car components or even Lego.2021-03-14

Which filament is better PLA or ABS?

ABS, while weaker and less rigid than PLA, is a tougher, lighter filament more suitable for some applications beyond purely hobbyist. ABS is a bit more durable, is about 25% lighter, and has four times higher impact resistance.

Will everything be 3D printed in the future?

3D printing is poised to transform the world as we know it. Consumer goods will be personalised and produced on demand, while manufacturers will be able to use 3D printing to come up with radical new designs for everyday objects.

How 3D printing works step by step?

3D printing is typically performed in three steps. The first step involves designing the object model in a CAD package. The second step involves building the object with a 3D printer. The third step consists of finishing where the final touches are made.2020-07-08

Can any material be 3D printed?

Plastic is still the most popular material used for 3D printing. As the 3D-printing market value increases, the list of what materials can be used also grows. Raw materials such as metal, graphite, and carbon fiber are commonly used for 3D printing, though at-home use is mostly limited to PLA for now.2021-12-15

Can you 3D print any image?

Yes you can create a 3D print from a photo, but you will need to turn it into a 3D model in order to 3D print it. To get a 3D model, the best solution is to generate it from several pictures.

Can you make a 3D image from a photo?

Taking photos is only the first step of the process. Luckily, the rest aren’t too difficult. Converter programs take an existing photo and model a 3D render from it. This is the easiest and most straightforward method of making an image 3D, though the least customizable.2022-03-19

Can you print anything you want with a 3D printer?

Can you print anything using a 3D printing? The short answer is a qualified, YES. People are often amazed by the range of objects and structures that can be printed using 3D printers. The only practical limitations for printing are the build volumes, which essentially means the area the printer can print.

Can everything be 3D printed?

No, 3D printers can’t print anything in terms of materials and shapes. 3D printers require specific properties in materials to 3D print such as thermoplastics like PLA that soften when heated rather than burn.

Can I scan an object then 3D print it?

Whether you’re scanning a part for prototyping, educational or medical purposes, you can use a 3D scanner to digitize an object’s shape and colors and print it using a color 3D printer. The final result will have the same geometry and color as the original and enable you to print additional copies.2018-01-02

Can you 3D print onto an object?

You use a 3D printer with PLA filament and plaster to make the cast, and then use heat and vacuum to form the colored plastic sheet over the object. Another technique that needs to be mentioned again is hydographic printing. It’s similar to the thermoforming technique, in that art is applied to a 2D plastic sheet.2016-11-16

Can you 3D print whatever you want?

No, 3D printers can’t print anything in terms of materials and shapes. 3D printers require specific properties in materials to 3D print such as thermoplastics like PLA that soften when heated rather than burn. They can print almost any shape, structure and object with the right orientation and help of supports.

Can I print any image with a 3D printer?

Unfortunately, we can’t make a 3D print out of an image file, a PDF or a photo. Before you can 3D print anything, you always need a 3D model. A 3D model is a virtual input that a 3D printer needs to print an object. There are free apps, like Qlone or Smoothie 3D, that can transform photos into a 3D model.

Which is stronger PETG ABS or PLA?

Strength and Toughness As we saw in the previous comparison articles, PLA was stronger than ABS in terms of tensile strength, while having similar strength to PETG. PLA had an inferior impact resistance when compared to both ABS and PETG.2021-05-28

How to print 3D objects at Home? A Guide to 3D Printing

It is also possible to download 123D Catch app on your smartphone and photos of the object you want to print. The app converts the picture into a 3D model. Step 4: Print the object Now it’s time to actually print the object. To do this, first, insert the filament into the 3D printer in the manner described in the manual.

How To Scan An Object For 3D Printing — 3DRealize

Use high definition 3D scanner to capture the most important parts of the object. Make sure the object is on a clean platform without other distracting things around. Make sure good quality tabletop lights are placed. You can check out some of these scanning apps here, or use a dedicated handheld scanner with higher degrees of accuracy.

Making a 3D Print of a Real Object Using 123D Catch and

Double-click to open it in 123D Catch, or launch 123D Catch and press the button for “Open Existing Photo Scene”. If everything went well, 123D Catch will show you a 3D presention of your object that you can navigate around. Click on the orbit icon on the tool bar, and you can look at your model from all sides.

How to 3D Print Something at Home & Larger Objects – 3D

To 3D print something at home, simply purchase a 3D printer with some filament and assemble the machine. Once assembled, load up your filament, download a 3D model from a website like Thingiverse, slice the file with a slicer and transfer that file to your 3D printer. You can 3D start 3D printing within an hour.

Printing directly onto existing objects. : 3Dprinting

One way you may be able to do this is using simplify 3D. Under your precess settings you can choose to start printing on a certain layer (or at a certain mm height rather). Assuming hyper accurate calipers, you may potentially be able to place the object on your print surface, select the height to begin printing at, and do it that way.

How to Scan Objects for 3D Printing – dummies

It is possible to capture existing objects into the computer so they can be modified or simply re-created using a 3D printer. This is particularly useful in the case of artwork or other unique formations that could not otherwise be designed easily in a computer model.

How to reproduce an existing object with a 3D printer – Quora

In simple terms, you can use a 3D Scanner which will convert existing object in a digital format, typically a point cloud along with color and texture information. This data can be converted into 3D file formats such as STL, Obj, AMF, 3MF which 3D Printers slicer engine understands.

READ  Does the Vizio D series have 4K?

Print on top of existing object with – 3D printing forums

Posted · Print on top of existing object with different material On a single-nozzle printer, another option might be to cut out the drawing from the base, all the way down to the bottom. So you have two separte models: the base, and the drawing. Print both in separate jobs. And assemble and glue both together.

Can any 3D printer add plastic to an existing part? – Quora

How much does a 3D plastic printer cost? The 3D Pritner cost depends on the build volume and the build capabilities. The materials it can handle and the endurance. The prusa mendels will cost you 15000 to 25000 to start build volume of 25 cc. It will cost you around 65000 to 75000 for a cubic foot printer.

How to 3D Print Multiple Objects at Once – Sequential

One of the convenient ways to 3D print multiple objects is to use PrusaSlicer’s Sequential 3D printing setting. Then the machine, instead of printing all objects at once, will print them one by one. So, if, let’s say, a nozzle gets clogged in the middle of printing, a half of objects will be completed successfully.

Sustainable 3D Printing Methods Add to or Subtract from

After identifying which parts to remove and what to add, our system locates the existing object in the printer using the system’s built-in 3D scanner. After calibrating the orientation, a mill

Turn Everyday Objects Into 3D Models Without a 3D Scanner

We need to add a background that we can use to essentially trace out our 3D model. Use the View > Viewpoint tool and choose Front, Back, Left, or Right to look directly down the X or Y axis. Then go to Add > Image > Background and select the image you will be using from your files. The background will be placed where the camera is pointing.

Finding Existing 3D Objects – 3D Printing Guide – Subject

The models here are designed to be 3D printed. These models are user-created and user-submitted, so their quality can vary. – This is a library of 3D CAD drawings available for public use. Not all of these files were designed to be 3D printed, so it is important to read the description and the comments for an object before you select a file.

Modified 3D printer add-on can patch existing objects to

The process is simple: “Users mount the existing object into the 3D printer, then load both the original and the modified 3D model into our software, which in turn calculates how to patch the

25 Great Things You Can Make and Sell with Your 3D Printer

The advantage of 3D printing is that it does not rely on any scale of economy to turn a profit – you can sell just a few pieces of any item, and you can still have a good profit margin. While 3D printing of figurines and toys sounds fun, there is no doubt that the money is in simple, everyday items.

How to Use 3D Scanning and 3D Printing for – Formlabs

With the ability to capture and modify physical shapes, you can design 3D printed parts that fit perfectly on existing products of all kinds. 3D printed jigs allow you to repeatedly locate a drill or saw, or assemble parts precisely with adhesive. Create close-fitting, reusable masks for sandblasting, painting, or etching.

3D printing hands on: How to easily customize objects to

In 3D printing, size really doesn’t matter. If you like a 3D object, you can scale it up or down easily and print at exactly the size you need. Unlike items sold in a store, you have total control

Printing Photorealistic Images On 3D Objects | Hackaday

Printing Photorealistic Images On 3D Objects. Hydrographic Printing is a technique of transferring colored inks on a film to the surface of an object. The film is placed on water and activated

3D Printing onto Unknown Uneven Surfaces – ScienceDirect

Nowadays 3D scanning technology can be used for reverse engineering. ultiple axis machines enable the creation of object layers at different deposition angles, and printing on uneven surfaces is achieved by conformal printing.

How To 3D Print? Basic 3D Printing Tutorials For Beginners

3D printer 3D models Filaments Step 1: Select a design For the 3D model, you can design your own 3D object or use the existing models available online. It’s more fun if you do your own design. Doing your own 3D model will be easy if you are already familiar with the 3D printing software for modeling.

Print 3D objects in Photoshop – Adobe Inc.

Select 3D > 3D Print to preview and print the 3D object. Previewing and printing the 3D object Once you’re done specifying the 3D print settings, follow these steps: Click the Start Print icon () or select 3D > 3D Print. Photoshop unifies the 3D scene and prepares it for the printing process.

How To 3D Print – Beginner's Guide To 3D Printing – 3D Insider

SLS utilizes powder materials, usually plastics like nylon, to print the 3D objects. The laser is controlled by a computer which instructs it to print the appropriate object by tracing a cross-section of the object onto the raw material (powder). The heat from the laser is equal to, or slightly below, the boiling point of the particles.

3D Printing Will Let Us Copy Any Object. Can We Stop It?

3D printing and additive manufacturing may be destined to change how we make and acquire objects forever. But it’s also spurring a shadow revolution—one that focuses on how to stop us from

Wax 3D Printing. Is It Possible? Quick Overview!

It can be accomplished by using CAD software or by scanning an existing object. Once the model has been created, it must be sliced into thin layers using 3D printer-specific software. The sliced model will then be sent to the 3D printer. The object will then be built up one layer at a time by the printer.

3d Scan Anything Using Just a Camera : 17 Steps (with

We are now capable of printing almost anything provided we have a 3d model to work from. There are many ways to make a 3d model, but one of the coolest is to 3d scan an existing object. With a 3d scan and the right printer you can reproduce any object at any size from a house to an earring. You can also use the scan as a starting point for a

How should we attribute 3D printed objects – Creative

The challenge of attribution, or “view source,” for 3D printed objects, is widespread in the 3D printing community, an active part of CC’s larger network. It is multi-layered and speaks to existing needs by both creators and users of 3D designs. Creators want to be credited for their designs because it feels good to be recognized; plus

What is 3D printing? How does a 3D printer work? Learn 3D

3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the object is created.

Direct To Object 3D Printing – Hackaday

Also, there have been a few developments toward printing a 3D object onto an existing (3D-printed or otherwise) object instead of onto a flat bed like most 3D printers today do.

How to 3D Print Multiple Objects at Once – Sequential

Automate Multiple Object 3D Printing. Another, we would say advanced, way to 3D print multiple objects without the hustle is to use such machines as belt 3D printers, or to install a tilted frame to an existing 3D printer. If tuned well, in both ways operators can leave their machines to print overnight without a problem.

READ  Does drying vegetables remove nutrients?

3D printing method creates objects in one piece | Lawrence

3D printing method creates objects in one piece. It looks like something you might find aboard the Starship Enterprise. A projector beams a three-dimensional video into a container of photosensitive resin. The video plays while the container rotates for a few minutes — then the fluid drains, leaving behind a complete, fully formed 3D object.

3D Printing Miniatures and Custom Figurines: A Guide to

Instead, you can also 3D scan an existing object. There are many scanning options available, from low-cost depth-sensing cameras and photogrammetry to high-definition professional scanners. Before 3D printing a part, you’ll often need to adapt, optimize, and finalize 3D scans.

A new spin on 3D printing can produce an object in seconds

The EPFL says this makes the technique a good idea for printing delicate or soft objects, including 3D bioprinting. The researchers have set up a spin-off company called ” Readily 3D ” to develop

3D Printing Methods – ScienceDirect

SLA printing is the first 3D printing technology (see Chapter 1). The process is based on a directed energy beam that photopolymerizes a liquid resin . Results may reflect among the highest degree of resolution and complexity achievable in 3D printing of millimeter-scale objects.

3D Print Ideas, Makes and Designs – 3D Printing Gallery

3D Print Ideas, Makes and Designs – Gallery. This 3D printing gallery is a collection of makes, popular designs, and 3D scans. The gallery is here to give 3D print ideas of what can come out of a desktop 3D printer. It starts with the makes at the beginner’s level and develops into a substantial library.

Free 3D Printable Files and Designs | Pinshape

Find the best things to 3d print and download premium and free stl files and obj files to use with your own 3D printer. Find 3D Models to Print Sell Your Designs To The World. Make money selling 3D models or share them with the 3D community for free. Build your brand and become a legend!

3D printing – Wikipedia

3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is the construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model. The term “3D printing” can refer to a variety of processes in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under computer control to create a three-dimensional object, with material being added together (such as plastics, liquids or powder grains being fused

Turn Everyday Objects Into 3D Models Without a 3D Scanner

3D printing is one of the most exciting hobbies around. Once you get bored of using other people’s models for your prints, though, you’ll want to look for ways to create your own designs. 3D modeling can feel like a daunting process when you first get started, with the software options you have available being complex and overwhelming.

How To 3D Print? Basic 3D Printing Tutorials For Beginners

For the 3D model, you can design your own 3D object or use the existing models available online.It’s more fun if you do your own design. Doing your own 3D model will be easy if you are already familiar with the 3D printing software for modeling.

What is 3D printing? How additive manufacturing is used in

The process works very much the same as 3D printing, only with the addition of changing the dimensions of the created object over time and in certain conditions. Using ultra violet light to cure the material beforehand, an object created by a 3D printer is then be formed into a completely new shape by way of interaction with spatial parameters

MIT: Addon Enables 3D Printer to Detect an Object and

Finally, besides printing on top of existing objects, the scanner could be used to periodically inspect print jobs, calibrate the 3D printer for different things (homing the z-coordinate, leveling

How Are Museums Using 3D Printing?

3D printing is the process of making a physical, three-dimensional object from a digital model. New designs can be created, or existing objects can be scanned and reproduced. This technology has a huge array of potential applications. These range from the aerospace industry and vehicle production to medical procedures.

3D Printing: Build Your Own 3D Printer and Print Your Own

3D Printing: Build Your Own 3D Printer and Print Your Own 3D Objects [Kelly, James Floyd] Print your first 3D project from an existing object file. Use free Tinkercad software to create your own original 3D models. Explore AutoDesk’s free software for 3D printing.

New 3D printer uses rays of light to shape objects

A new 3D printer uses light to transform gooey liquids into complex solid objects in only a matter of minutes. Nicknamed the “replicator” by the inventors — after the Star Trek device that can materialize any object on demand — the 3D printer can create objects that are smoother, more flexible and more complex than what is possible with traditional 3D printers.

B3D Central: On-Demand 3D Printing – Baltimore County

Design a 3D object or download an existing design. Learn how to use a 3D printer or design objects to be 3D printed. Submit. Send us your 3D object computer file by completing the 3D Print Request Form below. Make. We use our 3D printer to print your object in plastic. Take. Pick up and pay for your finished object at any branch.

3D Printing: Keeping It Legal | Articles | Finnegan

Many 3D printable objects may be covered by IP rights owned by another person, and therefore printing or helping others print these items may infringe those rights. For instance, the look of a 3D printed object might be protected by an existing design patent.

All Objects Could Be Identified: 3D Printing Invisible

A researcher at MIT has developed a method of 3D printing invisible labels on objects. The straightforward concept developed by MIT 4th year PhD student Mustafa Doga Dogan could lead to an astonishing future. The idea is to 3D print objects, but have embedded codes that are invisible to the eye, but easily seen with infrared light.

How to measure curves on real-world objects? : 3Dprinting

This is the correct answer. We have a scanner w/ design X and a CMM, but honestly a picture will get you 90% of the way there. Try to make sure you put a ruler (or another known size object) in the photo on the same plane at the radius you are trying to measure. Also, try to take the picture normal to the feature you want to measure. Good luck!

3D Printing With Tomography In Reverse | Hackaday

Particularly interesting is the capability to make prints which enclose existing objects, demonstrated with a screwdriver handle enclosing the existing steel shank. In this 3D printing

Rays of light shape objects in new 3D-printing tech – Futurity

The 3D printer can create objects that are smoother, more flexible, and more complex than what is possible with traditional 3D printers. It can also encase an already existing object with new

What is 3D printing and how does it work? – 3D Insider

Like regular printing — which deposits layers of ink onto paper — 3D printing involves successively depositing thin layers of raw material on top of one another to form physical objects. I find it useful to think of 3D printers as dutiful robots laying down Lego blocks one at a time, layer upon layer, until voilà!

New 3D printer shapes objects with rays of light: The

The printer can create objects that are smoother, more flexible and more complex than what is possible with traditional 3D-printers. It can also encase an already existing object with new

What is 3D printing? How does a 3D printer work? Learn 3D

3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a

READ  Does Amtrak train go to Texas?

LOM (Laminated Object Manufacturing): 3D Printing with

Laminated Object Manufacturing (or LOM) is a very fast and inexpensive way to 3D print objects in several kinds of materials. Sheets of material are bonded together and cut in the right geometry according to the 3D model. Laminated Object Manufacturing is mainly used for rapid prototyping processes, not for production.

Metal 3D Printing: An Overview of the Most Common Types

Metal 3D Printing: An Overview of the Most Common Types. Metal 3D printing is considered the apex of all 3D printing. When it comes to strength and durability, there’s nothing quite like metal. The first patent for metal 3D printing was DMLS (direct metal laser sintering) and it was filed in the 1990s by the German company EOS.

Resizing & Combining Objects Into One File – 3D Printing

3D Builder is a free Microsoft app that allows you to quickly resize a 3D object for printing or group multiple small objects together to print at once. Resizing 3D Files in Windows with 3D Builder You can create a new “scene” or open an existing file and then check Import Model.

LuBan: 3D Printing Very Large Objects « Fabbaloo

Intelligent handling of residual objects from a 3D plane cut [Source: LuBan] Once generated, LuBan provides an assembly guide by numbering the parts and including an assembly sequence. This feature is critical to success when 3D printing large composite objects. LuBan is available for Windows (32 and 64 bit) as well as MacOS.

A Review of the Mechanical of SLA 3D Printing Materials

From this study, it was concluded the new algorithm could be used to optimize the hardness of printed objects and to provide key information for the improvement of existing 3D printing technology.

bed – 3D Printing Stack Exchange

3D Printing Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for 3D printing enthusiasts. It only takes a minute to sign up. Update, I received a hint that an existing question has the answer; The (equidistant) lines at distance from the print object is called the “skirt”, the skirt is an option found under the “Build Plate Adhesion

3D Printing in Healthcare: Healthcare Trends – DocMode

Like every other field, the medical industry has also reaped the benefits of 3D printing. 3D printing is an innovative method that creates a three-dimensional object by constructing consecutive layers of raw material. 3D Printing in Healthcare is assisted by a digital 3D file such as Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) or a computer-aided design

Everything you need to know about 3D printing and its

3D printing is the process of creating objects (usually plastic, but sometimes metal or composite material) from a digital model. Most 3D printers add material to the object one very thin layer at

3d printing Flashcards – Quizlet

3D printing technology has been around since the 1980s Aided Design) file using a 3D modeling program (for the creation of a totally new object) ór with the use of a 3D scanner (to copy an existing object). This scanner makes a 3D digital copy of an object and puts it into a 3D modeling program.

MatterControl Help – Adding Existing Objects

Adding Existing Objects From Your Computer. Click the Open button in the toolbar to add files from your computer. MatterControl accepts the following file formats. STL – The industry standard for 3D printing models. AMF – A successor to the STL format that supports colors and multi-material objects. OBJ – Wavefront 3D graphics format.

3D Printing in Digital Prosthetic Dentistry: An Overview

3D printing using the Dekema Trix print 3D printer. The sliced layer data are printed on the build platform of the Trixpress muffle system. The associated Trix cast printable burnout material is also made by Dekema. Investing and pressing. 3D printing is followed by cleaning and curing the objects and investing them in the Trixpress muffle.

3D Printing with Autodesk: Create and Print 3D Objects

3D Printing with Autodesk Create and Print 3D Objects with 123D, AutoCAD, and Inventor Create amazing 3D-printable objects fast with Autodesk 123D! Imagine it. Then print it! Autodesk 123D gives you all the tools you need and it’s free. This easy, full-color guide will help you fully master 3D printing with Autodesk 123D even if you’ve never done any of this before.

Printing a 3D object | 3D Modelling | 3D Rendering | 3D

3D Modelling & 3D Animation Projects for $10 – $30. The object is a small Toy Wheel. The diameter is 3 inches long and its width is 1/2 inch. I would like someone to print and mail the wheel to my address. I would also want the two key rings to be pr

3D printing and IP law – WIPO

The 3D printing process starts either with a digital file in which the object to be printed is digitally formatted using either 3D print software, or a 3D scanner. The file is then exported to a 3D printer using dedicated software, which transforms the digital model into a physical object through a process in which molten material is built up

Simplify 3D Complete Guide – Processes and Printing

Simplify 3D Complete Guide – Processes and Printing Startup 3/3. .The Simplify 3D settings follow the process rule. For comparison we can say that what in Care is the printer, in Simplify is the process. A Process is the set of settings that will be applied to the template when creating the Gcode.

3D modeling – Wikipedia

In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical coordinate-based representation of any surface of an object (inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software by manipulating edges, vertices, and polygons in a simulated 3D space.. Three-dimensional (3D) models represent a physical body using a collection of points in 3D space, connected by

New 3D-printing tech gets smooth results using light and resin

Additionally, the technology makes it possible to add 3D-printed parts to existing solid objects – for example, the replicator was used to print a handle onto a steel screwdriver shaft (pictured

5 tips: Blender 3d printing text • Celtic3d

Blender 3d printing text. Blender is a very powerful and flexible tool for creating and editing model files for 3d printing. While 3d modelling from scratch takes time to learn, we show you an easy way to get started with Blender 3d printing text. Adding text to an existing 3d model is of the easiest ways to make something unique and personal.

3D Printing of Physical Organ Models: Recent Developments

It is often dominated by radiologists, operating on medical equipment and computers rather than 3D printers, and sometimes cooperates with researchers from mechanical backgrounds to get the support of CAD technology. 3D printing is a pivotal step. The existing methods can be classified into two categories: direct 3D printing and indirect 3D

Patching Physical Objects | Proceedings of the 28th Annual

In this paper, we propose a different approach: instead of re-printing the entire object from scratch, we suggest patching the existing object to reflect the next design iteration. We built a system on top of a 3D printer that accomplishes this: Users mount the existing object into the 3D printer, then load both the original and the modified 3D

UMaine is using 3D-printing to help it return cultural

The UMaine team is creating a replica of one artifact using 3D printing, then refining it so a copy of the Tlingit Frog Clan Helmet will be on display at the Hudson Museum after it returns the

New 3D printer uses rays of light to shape objects

A new 3D printer uses light to transform gooey liquids into complex solid objects in only a matter of minutes. Nicknamed the “replicator” by the inventors — after the Star Trek device that can materialize any object on demand — the 3D printer can create objects that are smoother, more flexible and more complex than what is possible with

Used Resourses: